It's Google
I only had one phone that ate microSD cards. There was firmware a bug where it might be powered off to save battery and then turned back on at the wrong voltage. Oops.
Other than that, it's all Google. They've been slowly adding bugs and changing APIs to ruin non-cloud storage.
https://www.xda-developers.com/android-q-storage-access-framework-scoped-storage/
Not only does this ruin the usefulness, but also slows down random access by something like 10000 times. OsmAnd+ went from interactive map browsing to not finishing launching in a day.
There's a great workaround: Don't use Google Play Store. Apps in F-Droid and other locations can still access the fast filesystem APIs. I have 1TB with 120MB/s reads and 95MB/s writes. Not bad for a phone.