Re: How many billions of dollars are being spent chasing this?
A baby only has to be shown a dog once or twice and it knows "dog".
At what age? It takes months for babies to be able to do anything non-instinctive. There do seem to be some hardwired behaviour such as identifying and watching facing but cognitive processing takes years. Oh, and there are lots of examples of how easy it is to fool human cognitive processing precisely because it depends upon some of the shortcuts we see in some machine learning.