Highly volatile noble gases?
Highly volatile noble gases? I thought the point of noble gases were that they were 'noble' and basically inert.....
An analysis of hibonite, thought to be among the oldest minerals in the Solar System, has shown the turbulent and violent early history of our sun. A team of scientists analysed meteorite samples containing hibonite using a scanning electron microscope and a mass spectrometer. The mineral contains small pockets of inert gases …
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Highly volatile as in 'turns into gas quickly'. Helium and Neon are elements with some of the lowest boiling points, and Neon in particular also has one of the narrowest ranges of a specific state (it stays liquid in a range of only 3 Kelvin, narrower than Helium at 4K).
That makes it pretty volatile in my book :-)
800nm geometry for first Pentiums. About 14nm for current 2017 - 2018 production (probably smallest feature, not geometry in traditional sense). Intel seems to be struggling with 10nm.
Actual chips are very much bigger than 1/10th mm despite being called microchips, though single discrete transistors might be only 1mm across and much smaller than an EPROM, RAM or CPU. My kids examined EPROMS with their microscope 20 years ago.
You can view some bacteria with a "toy" microscope.
A grain of sand is huge :)
You can view some bacteria with a "toy" microscope.
With the toy microscope that started me off that's more likely to be a bunch of fringes and other optical artefacts round a bacterium. It sounds as if Intel are having similar problems but at smaller scales.
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There might have been something energetic in the area at the time, like a supernova or neutron star. Having something energetic in the area (along with all the gravity it brings) might be what is needed to cause the gases to begin to accrete to form a new star and solar system in the first place.
There's always this idea that when fusion started at the proto-solar core that the produced radiation, 'swept away' the accretion disk. I reckon the early Sun probably swept some of itself away as well, leaving a more exposed fusion core before the present day internal structure began to form.
Red dwarfs emit more radiation because they are physically smaller, i.e. the core is closer to the surface.
It could be that the young Sun was physically smaller for the purposes of starting the reaction and it would take time for the reaction to grow and also heat the outer layers of gas so there could have been more radiation emitted.
This....
There's a very good chance the very young Sun would have "pulsed" several times before the total mass of hydrogen would have enveloped the core and ....effectively shut in ands shielded the nuclear furnace.
Think of something several times the size of Jupiter achieving critical mass, but not yet having the local gravity well to keep things contained.... BIG bada-Booom....
> achieving critical mass
This is not a fission reactor.
You need to dump hydrogen and some trace elements of "other stuff" onto the big heap until the pressure and heat at the center start to be sufficiently high to sometimes get a deuterium nucleus out of the proton-proton assembly <-> disassembly at equilibrium. This takes a long time. Real Astrophysicists may want to say more.
I would call this "it gently warms up from the inside"; you would just be looking at a ball of hydrogen shedding the heat generated by infall for a many millions of years, until convection causes the interior to bubble up.
The mineral contains small pockets of inert gases preserved from the chemical reactions from when the Sun’s energetic protons smashed into the calcium and aluminium atoms in the crystals
I didn't think energetic protons smashing into atoms and bringing about a change of atomic number or some other nuclear reaction fell into the definition of "chemical reactions".
The word the writer might have written transmutation instead, I suppose. Irradiated aluminum in nuclear reactors gradually becomes riddled with microscopic helium bubbles, which make it brittle. A previous study examined the 20Ne, 21Ne, 22Ne and 3He isotopes in the Murchison space rock, but in the chondrules and matrix, not the hibinite crystals.
So does science advance, crabwise, groping to separate the signal from the noise at the edges of detection. Good on 'em!