The biggest killer was smallpox (up to 50% mortality) not measles.
But the diseases we brought were, in the main, exquisitely adapted for human hosts. We are not going to run into an alien organism selected for the quirks of the human the immune system. We don't even know if they'll be RNA/DNA or, if they are, whether they'll use the molecules in a way that's compatible with life on earth. And the same works in reverse.
If there is life there, it's living in rocks and soils, not in fleshy things, and in conditions rare on earth. So it seems likely any pathogen, even if accidentally fatal, won't be able to spread effectively - again, in either direction. Indeed, there are millions of species of soil microbes on earth, most of which are poorly studied, and many of which can't live without other species of soil microbes, few of which are pathogenic to anything.
Precautions will have to be taken. (All space probes are sterilised to prevent unintended visitors hitching a ride and taking root. Although I wonder whether standards will be adhered to as space travel becomes widespread and commercialised.) But there won't be a repeat of what we saw when the largely disease-free New World came into contact with the disease-riddled Old World. The worst case would be something like an invasive species where one planet's lifeforms out-competes another; H.G. Well's red weed taking over.