back to article LOHAN to suck mighty thruster as it goes off, in a shed

Our piece earlier this week on possible power plants for our Low Orbit Helium Assisted Navigator (LOHAN) rocket-powered spaceplane got you lot thinking about how one would go about testing a rocket motor which needs to fire at altitude and -60°C. Click here for a bigger version of the LOHAN graphic To recap, experts gathered …

COMMENTS

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  1. Robin Bradshaw
    Paris Hilton

    Seems fitting

    HERPES (Hypobaric Experimental Rocket Performance Evaluation System).

    1. TeeCee Gold badge
      Happy

      Damn, you beat me to it. I was going with "Propulsion" though....

      1. Anonymous Coward
        Anonymous Coward

        With `power'.

        1. wheel

          Propellant. There seems to be a consensus though.

    2. Anomalous Cowturd
      Flame

      MILLINGTON!

      Moderately Interesting, Low Level, Indoor, Negative Gravity Test Of igNition?

      This is a British mission isn't it?

      ^^^^ Successful test.

    3. david 63

      Grrr took me ages to come to that...

      ...before I looked at the comments.

  2. Rich 11

    Possible leaks?

    At -60C, could the different rates of shrinkage of the three metals be a problem?

    1. Intractable Potsherd
      Thumb Up

      Agree with Rich 11

      The different materials struck me as potentially troublesome. Is there any reason why it can't all be e.g. steel?

      1. Chris 244
        Happy

        Not a problem

        In the design, the only place steel touchs aluminium is at the base. Differential expansion would only pose a problem where physical connection was tight, not here. Copper pipe will no doubt be passing through rubber/silicone gaskets.

  3. CaffeinePwrdAl
    Boffin

    Simulated EXplosive Temperature And Pressure Experiment (SEXTAPE)

  4. CaffeinePwrdAl

    >> HERPES (Hypobaric Experimental Rocket Performance Evaluation System).

    Gets my vote :)

  5. Steve Davies 3 Silver badge
    Coat

    Where's Linda {lovelace} then?

    Ok, Ok, I'll get me coat.

    1. The First Dave
      Headmaster

      Ada of course...

  6. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    TITTIES

    Thermally Insulated Tubular Tropospheric Ignition Evaluation Station

    1. K. Adams
      Coffee/keyboard

      Keyboard

      That is all...

  7. Steve 151

    REHAB

    Rocket Environment Hypobaric Assessment Bunker

    struggled with the 'B' - maybe Battery, Bid or Building instead

    1. Colin Miller

      'Bucket' or 'Barrel'?

  8. Anonymous Coward
    Go

    A big water tank around it would be a good idea to catch the shrapnel.

    Have you considered condensation and then ice formation as an issue ?

    1. horsham_sparky
      Thumb Up

      Easily sorted, just bung a couple of bags of dessicant in there a day before the experiment and put a partial vacuum on it to seal it against ingress

      1. Anonymous Coward
        Happy

        But what about real life as the balloon goes up, will it get wet, potentially dampening the load

        1. MrT

          Depends...

          Pick the right day - higher temperature means the atmosphere can carry more water vapour before it condenses. As the pressure drops with altitude, the boiling point of any condensation will lower and most should evaporate before firing if it hasn't frozen out already.

          Things happen gradually as the balloon rises - this rig seems to be designed to place the rocket 'at altitude' quite quickly unless the dry ice pellets and vacuum pump are applied over a longer time to simulate the ascent.

  9. Edwin

    The pressure issue

    Once you ignite the motor, pressure in the chamber will increase very quickly, so unless you have a monster vacuum pump (or a fairly large hypobaric chamber), you won't be able to reliably assess the burn (e.g. does the motor burn properly, or does it fizzle enough to raise the pressure in the chamber and only then burn properly).

    Two things spring to mind:

    - a large-ish tank of some variety, connected to the test chamber via a pipe to effectively increase the available vacuum (similar to the expansion tank on your central heating system)

    - a pressure sensor under the motor to measure the engine thrust, particularly during the first one or two seconds - to be compared against a similar burn performed with the chamber at normal pressure.

    1. relpy
      Mushroom

      Or...

      move the seal to below the rocket exhaust?

      1. Anonymous Coward
        Anonymous Coward

        > move the seal to below the rocket exhaust?

        The air inside the rocket motor would be at ambient pressure; the test would not tell you anything.

        How about just putting a hole in the top plate for the exhaust and losing the vacuum pump?

        The exhaust rushing out might cause enough of a venturi effect to suck out the air in the main cylinder.

        No idea how effective this would be and it still would not tell you if the rocket fired under low pressure, but it might tell you if it runs properly.

      2. relpy
        Facepalm

        Ignore me.

        That's bollox isn't it?

        The igniter cable goes in there.

    2. Stoneshop
      Boffin

      Ignition test

      Note: "It doesn't really matter if the rig does blow its lid, as we're only testing the motor's ability to fire, not its performance across the entire burn."

      *IF* it fizzles at first, there will be little exhaust and a a consequence only a un-energetic lid-blowing. So that aspect of the ignition sequence will be noticed.

      But once such a solid fuel motor ignites, its resulting internal pressure will make the outside ambient pressure totally irrelevant.

  10. Jolyon

    TIMBERLAKE

    Temperature Ihibited Main Body Evacuated Rocket Launch Activity KPI Evaluator

  11. breakfast Silver badge
    Coat

    Problems with dry ice

    If you are using dry ice for cooling make sure that you have facilities to exclude goths from the system. They go crazy for that stuff.

    Mine's the black trenchcoat...

    1. BorkedAgain
      Coffee/keyboard

      C'mon, man.

      Making me guffaw at work is uncool...

  12. Tim #3

    Some kind of temperature sensor attached to the motor would be handy, as in view of the vacuum around it it will take a while to get down to -60.

  13. Geoff Johnson
    Mushroom

    You've probably already considered this, but...

    Put the vacuum pump tube near the top, then you don't need to go through the outer tube.

    Get the temperature low before pumping out the air - the thermal conductivity of a vacuum is pretty low.

    And as mentioned above, make sure your lid doesn't get frozen on. I've seen rigs like this blow their top due to frozen relief valves and it gets pretty violent.

    1. Intractable Potsherd

      " ...make sure your lid doesn't get frozen on"

      That was the second thing I thought of (after the different materials) - some suitable grease on the rubber seal is imperative to stop things freezing together.

  14. Vladimir Plouzhnikov

    A correction...

    Surely, the "Thrust" arrow sould be pointing down and not up (unless the motor sucks, of course)?

    1. Lester Haines (Written by Reg staff) Gold badge

      Re: A correction...

      Fair point. Should read "Exhaust"...

  15. Flocke Kroes Silver badge

    Here there be dinosaurs

    Sealed Partially Evacuated Arctic Rocket Rated Ignition Test Tube

  16. Number6
    Joke

    No atmosphere

    Looking at that design, I can see at least one place where it sucks.

  17. Chrissy
    Mushroom

    Depressurised Evacuated Explosive Pyrotechnic Temperature and Hyperbaric Regulated Organic Accelerant Testing

    D.E.E.P.T.H.R.O.A.T

  18. relpy

    Looks like a...

    Pyrotechnic Environmentally Non-compliant Ignition System Enhancer

    err, or so I've been told.

    1. Paul_Murphy

      Dang it.

      I was going to go for 'Pressure Evacuation aNd Ignition Speed Enlarger

      I'm sure there must be a better 'N'.

      I was also going to suggest a weight on the lid and some means of measuring the acceleration of the lid as a guide to thrust.

      ttfn

  19. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    A complaint

    Sirs,

    I wish to complain in the strongest terms about the misleading nature of this article.

    You can imagine my disappointment when I learned that the content related to some mildly interesting space technology instead of the article I was led by the headline to expect.

    Yours faithfully,

    I.M. Disgusted Col. (Rtd)

    1. Anonymous Coward
      Anonymous Coward

      Well said sir!

      Thanks to the every more fiendish wordplay of the sub eds, I am now in a state or semi-perpetual confusion.

      I am no longer able to tell if the stirrings I feel upon reading the headlines are excitement at the anticipation of a technological revelation, or of a baser nature provoked by the lewd punning.

      yours (on the bus, at the back, near the engine, about to spill more than his coffee)

      D. E. Viant

  20. pyr

    It would be a good idea to tether the metal top to prevent unwanted damages.

    I expect the motor will not ignite at that altitude. You might be able to retain enough air in the rocket housing by surrounding the rocket tube in a couple of layers of some sort of sheathing material. Latex might be best - provided you can find something that would fit your tiny rocket.

    1. Steve X
      Alert

      > It would be a good idea to tether the metal top to prevent unwanted damages

      and to be careful when re-admitting air if it doesn't ignite. Never return to a lit firework, and all that.

  21. Colin Miller

    air inside the rocket

    You should slowly evacuate the inner tube, so that any air inside the rocket itself can diffuse through its materials. Otherwise the pressure difference might deform the rocket, or the residual air help support the burning.

    1. horsham_sparky
      Boffin

      So when you fire this thing off into the heavens, I'm assuming the air pressure will drop at an equally slow rate to avoid similar deformation? :-p

      perhaps you should evacuate at the same rate as the air pressure will drop, this way you get a 2 for 1 one test :-)

      1. Ross R
        Holmes

        The first phase of assent will be by balloon. The rocket is the second phase. So yes, the pressure drop will be pretty gradual. The whole point of the test is that the rocket will not be fired from ground level.

  22. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    AIR BAGS

    Atmospheric

    Ignition

    Rig

    Burn

    And

    Gauge

    System

  23. Chrissy
    Facepalm

    Do'h!! Hypo, not Hyper

    Depressurised Evacuated Explosive Pyrotechnic Temperature and HypObaric Regulated Organic Accelerant Testing

    D.E.E.P.T.H.R.O.A.T

    1. Anonymous Coward
      Anonymous Coward

      I like the multiple redundancies

    2. Anonymous Coward
      Anonymous Coward

      Ah... I almost missed your correction. Just as well you've used a big "O".

  24. The First Dave
    Boffin

    Two thoughts

    1. Sit the motor on top of an electronic set of scales, logged appropriately so that you get a record of actual thrust over time.

    2. Make sure that the rocket stays cold, and at low pressure, for an appropriate length of time, based on how long the balloon will take to reach altitude. Half that time if you are in a hurry, equal if you want to be certain.

  25. Spender
    Go

    RICHIE

    Rocket Ignition Chamber for Hypobaric Integrity Experimentation

  26. Mike Hartley 1
    Mushroom

    Watch out for low temerature effects on the rubber seal

    Thniking back to shuttle disasters, you'd better check on the low temperature characteristics of the rubber seal...

    1. Lester Haines (Written by Reg staff) Gold badge

      Re: Watch out for low temerature effects on the rubber seal

      Duly noted.

    2. horsham_sparky
      Alert

      what about using some of your low temperature grease to form a seal? I've seen glass vacuum jars sealed with this method.. as long as both surfaces are flat, you should get a good seal.

      caveat: I could be completely wrong and you end up being sprayed by expensive ice cold grease, at which point I will absolve myself of all responsibility and claim it was someone elses idea

      of course if it works, I shall expect kudos in the form of free beer and much back patting :-)

  27. Thomas Gray

    Transparent lid?

    So you can confirm visually that the rocket has indeed fired and is burning evenly.

    1. relpy

      Or...

      See above???????

    2. Paul Crawford Silver badge

      Camera / lights?

      I was thinking of the need for a window or internal fast-ish CCD camera and floodlight, bright enough so the camera is not temporarily overcome by LOHAN going off, so you capture the ignition moment. After all, once she blows the camera or window's life is going to be short.

  28. Steve X
    Angel

    Clever Lester's Impressive Test Of Rocket Ignition System ?

  29. Captain TickTock
    Coat

    "Burst Plug to retain internal pressure"

    How does it perform in high wind situations...?

    Mine is the teenager's hoodie...

  30. BarryTheBadger
    Mushroom

    Do it smaller

    Given that any rocket will rapidly pressurise any sensible size vacuum chamber unless you have a vacuum pump the size of a shed, you are only really testing ignition at the temperature and pressure required. As such, using the full size monster engine wouldn’t be necessary, the smallest one you can get would test ignition just as well, provided it uses the same fuel composition and ignition method. This would mean a much smaller chamber and pump could be used.

    Just make sure you have an adequate pressure release valve that will NOT freeze up ;)

    1. Anonymous Coward
      Anonymous Coward

      Nonsense, always, always, always use the largest rocket you can find.

    2. K. Adams
      Boffin

      "...the full size ... engine [isn't] necessary, the smallest ... would test ... just as well..."

      Not necessarily...

      Depending on the thermal output of the igniter, the volume of the ignition/combustion chamber, and the surface area of the fuel against which the igniter rests, a lot of the igniter's heat output could end up in effectively "empty space," or dissipated across too large a surface area (of the fuel grain), and therefore not be usable in triggering ignition.

      Thus, in this case, the closer you can get to a full-scale test, the better.

  31. NedSeagoon

    Fixed Atmospheric Rocket Testing

  32. Troy Peterson
    Boffin

    Hmm, not sure what pressure you are looking to achieve but creating a vaccuum chamber of this nature is not as simple as it seems... For one thing, using copper tubing into your steel or aluminium vessel witll be difficult to plumb and may have tempurature expansion issues. Your tube and bottom cover will need to be welded on and that will require a very good internal tig weld. Any other type of weld will produce virtual leaks. You also need to be very careful when working with it since a fingerprint or any sort of contamination inside will outgass severely when the pressure drops and could require hours (or days) of pumping to get the pressure down unless you have a large capacity (expensive) vaccuum pump.

    Mind you, my vacuum experience comes from working with my Fusor, so I'm thinking in the high vacuum range under 1 micron of pressure... That would test your rocket for ignition in outer space... Your vaccuum requirements are probably not quite so stringent.

    1. Tim Starling
      Boffin

      Low vacuum

      I've done some work with both low and high vacuums as a physics lab demonstrator. I'm pretty sure outgassing won't be a problem at the pressure required. At 90,000 ft the pressure will be 2 kPa, or 12 mmHg, according to http://www.altitude.org/air_pressure.php . We did low vacuum experiments with an oil-filled single stage rotary vane pump, probably at around 0.1 kPa. At that pressure it was no problem to let students handle the test samples and equipment.

      I'm concerned about the rubber seal in the proposed design, it may become brittle at the temperature required, and start leaking. Page 323 of this book

      http://books.google.co.in/books?id=sdKAPJh5RgQC

      has a table of sealing temperatures, it looks like silicone rubber is the best choice.

  33. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    Launcher Engine System Test Environment (Reusable)

    That way we can finally see LESTER and LOHAN together as nature intended.

    You're not planning on setting this off near the combined mission control / donkey sanctuary are you?

  34. Graham Jordan

    S.L.A.G

    Sealed Liquidless Advanced Go-a-matron

    Clearly I'm not a technical geek.

    However I like the word slag.

  35. ISYS

    Good luck with your...

    Cooled

    Low pressure

    Uniform

    igNition

    Generation

    Experiment

  36. rg20

    You probably don't need to chill the whole chamber, just place the dry ice around the motor itself (sealed in a plastic bag) until it reaches temp then place it in the chamber. If you had a temp probe strapped to the side you could check the temp. You could overchill it, then wait til it reaches the correct temp before ignition.

    It doesnt matter about the exhaust changing the pressure in the vessel as you only want to see if it ignites at that altitude and temp.

    I use a chamber similar to this at work to test altitude sealed hi-voltage connectors for military aircraft, at altitudes of 70Kft and above and voltages of up to 60kv, my chamber has a vol of approx 3cubic ft and our edward series 8 vac pump can get it to 45mbar/70kft in about 30sec.

    You could run any temp probe leads across the top seal under the top plate, as long at they are quite narrow (bellwire type dimensions) the pump will hardly notice the slight leak it'll cause, though it obviously wont hold altitude once the pump is switched off, ( i have trapped test leads under the lid of my chamber numerous times and not noticed til the pump was off!)

  37. lawndart

    says:

    Chill before pumping out - you will find that an 80 K temperature drop will go a long way to getting the vacuum you need.

    I would mount the motor the other way up and attached to the lid, for two reasons:

    It will ensure the ignition mechanism is at the real launch attitude.

    The thrust when the motor ignites will help automatically depressurize the test chamber.

    I suggest a simple condom stretched over the vent holding the igniter in place and keeping moisture at bay. The gap where the ignition wires enter should allow any trapped air to vent.

  38. Skizz
    Go

    Metal Cylinders

    For added strength, use corrugated cyclinders - smaller version of what you get in a steam engine. I'm sure you could find a group of grey beardy types loosely grouped as a modelling society to knock one up for you for the price of a few pints of real ale. Saw that on WDYTYA last week.

  39. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    Just a thought?

    Why not use a domestic hot water cylinder and pump liquid nitrogen through the hot was circuit to cool it. The benefits are that these cylinders have various openings already installed for you to utilise vacuum ignition etc?

  40. spudmasterflex
    Go

    T.W.A.T

    Thrust Widget Altitude Tester

  41. rg20

    Making a suitable chamber would be easy you simply need length of tubing of the right diameter a couple of o-ring seals and two flat plates for either end.

    I recently had to make a long adaptor to fit long leads in our mass spectrometer/leak detector, we used a length of plastic waste pipe from B&Q with the correct flanges bonded in to either end with epoxy resin. This set-up will go to <6x10-3mbar with no probs (and no leaks).

    Remember it is only going to be 14.7lbs/sq/inch which isnt a lot really, I dont know the diameter of the rocket but a length of plastic pipe of suitable thickness will be fine.

    Remember it wont "blow-up" if it fails, it will buckle at most, the pressure is pushing in , not out.

  42. John Robson Silver badge
    Mushroom

    Challenger

    Will the rubber ring be a good seal at that temperature - would it not be brittle?

    Is there a low temperature grease which would be more appropriate?

  43. graeme leggett Silver badge

    Pump choice

    Use an Edwards - they are the proverbial.

  44. rg20

    A rubber seal will be fine, I have a vacuum vessel in a "Thermotron", a large oven which also chills that we use for testing connectors at altitude and hot and cold, and we regularly test at 45mbar -55deg c. You dont need grease at all, in fact grease would cause the seal to slip and be pushed into the chamber (it happened to me once) a clean dry seal has the benefit of friction holding it in place.

  45. Ceilidhman
    Flame

    HOT TART

    Hypobaric Operational Test Terminal Altitude Release Temperature

  46. Martin Gregorie
    Go

    Suggested mods

    I have one main suggestion: reverse the metals.

    Use an inner steel tube because its easier to weld than alloy and welding on the lower end cap would be a good idea. I'd also suggest that you weld a 10 mm wide flat lip on round the top and grind it fairly accurately flat. This way you can get rid of the rubber seal: put a fairly thick layer of low temperature grease on the lip, drop on a flat steel top cap and you should get a good enough seal. Laboratory glass vacuum rigs typically use grease on ground glass mating surfaces and have few sealing problems.

    Your biggest problem is likely to be connected with the temperature probe. You may end up having to use flexible epoxy round a length of wire through the inner tube and fit a connector to each end of it. Mounting the sensor on the motor support near the cartridge would be sensible since its probable there will be a big temperature gradient within the tube: hence the internal connector so you can take the innards right out if needed. It will be important not to strain the cable vacuum seal, so gluing the internal connector to the inside of the tube and binding the cable to the outside with Dacron line or linen thread and epoxy would be good.

    The rocket motor support can be made of anything, e.g. assembled from alloy disks and steel threaded studding and simply slid into the inner tube. If its a reasonably loose fit there's no need to perforate the plates since vacuum pumps are fairly slow and a 0.5mm gap, or just 3 or 4 3mm semicircles filed in the edge of each plate will be plenty.

    Using a tether on the top cap sounds like a very good idea.

    Vacuum connection: screw a brass nipple into the inner tube or through one of the end caps and use a rubber vacuum hose to connect it to the pump. Suitable nipples ands hose is readily available from laboratory supply houses. Alternatively the bits and bobs used for vacuum bagging glass/carbon mouldings should be good, and if you're going to build parts of LOHAN from carbon composites you'll need vacuum bagging kit anyway. You could do a lot worse that talk to ASP http://www.acp-composites.com/ or CST http://www.cstsales.com/ about this. Both are good places to deal with and very knowledgeable about their products.

    Vacuum pumps: don't immediately rush out and buy one: they can be expensive if you're going to get down to 7.6 mm of mercury (that's 0.01 bar, approximately the air pressure at 100,000 ft) If I was doing it, I'd start by trying a 2nd hand fridge compressor: cheap as chips (often free) and may do the job. They are commonly using them for vac bagging composites at between 0.5 - 0.75 bar and I know they'll go down to 0.1 Bar but may take their time toward the end.

    Final hint: you may find that the thermal contact between the dry ice and inner tube isn't all that good and that the dry ice doesn't sublime fast enough to really suck heat out of the system, so make sure that the dry ice compartment is water proof. This will let you use a slurry of dry ice and acetone, which will get you down to -100C, plenty good enough. Acetone is the usual solvent used for a dry ice freezing mixture in the lab because its freezing point is below anything you can reach with the mixture. An ice/salt/water mix won't go below -25C. Of course, using a low boiling organic solvent has implications:

    - you can't use styrofoam insulation because acetone dissolves it (but fibreglass loft insulation will do the trick)

    - make sure you run the ignition tests outdoors and have a fire extinguisher on hand because, if the rocket ignites it will almost certainly set off the acetone too.

  47. Steen Hive
    Thumb Up

    ARSEHOLE

    Atomspheric Rocket Suitability Experiment Hypobaric Oxidisation LOHAN Evaluation

  48. MrChris
    Coat

    Thin Air

    Temperature, air pressure, and thin air might all play a part in the engine not firing or continuing the burn. Running this experiment in a decompression chamber that can go to negative atmospheres might be a better way to ensure ignition, unless you’re going to have a pressurise canister providing normal atmosphere and oxygen levels.

    1. Edwin
      Boffin

      I think the idea behind rocket motors is that they provide their own oxygen...

      1. Lester Haines (Written by Reg staff) Gold badge

        Re:

        Yup, they have their own oxidiser. This is not an issue.

        1. Anonymous Coward
          Coat

          What's the exhaust gas composition? Is it a greenhouse gas? I think we should be told (then I'll get my coat).

  49. Chris007
    Coat

    LINDA LOVELACE: Lest It Not Describe A LOHAN Orbital Vacuum Explosive-Launch-Accelerator Chamber Experiment.

  50. annodomini2

    2nd valve

    Will a second valve not be needed to protect the pressure gauge as the motor is ignited?

    Resulting pressure spikes may damage the gauge.

  51. Owain 1
    Meh

    Pictures otherwise it never happened

    Presumably you might want some sort of cheap camera and lighting inside just to check for rocket deformation / other problems. Otherwise you've just got a big lump of metal to look at, and a charred mess afterwards. Mind you, not sure how they'd function at that pressure/temperature, but presumably you need a camera etc to work under these conditions anyway since you'd want to mount them on Lohan for the real launch.

  52. MrChris
    Go

    A flash of the obvious

    LINDSAY - LOHAN Ignition Node System Appliance Yardstick

  53. Edward Clarke

    No no no no no... FFS NO!

    If you ran the exhaust from an RC32/60 into my vacuum pump, I'd beat you to death with a cricket bat. See the rocket motor instructions:

    NOTE: Perform RMS-RC motor cleanup as soon as possible after motor firing. Propellant and delay residues become difficult to remove 24 hours after motor firing. These residues can lead to corrosion of the metal parts

    Put a safety interlock on that valve; valve open, firing circuit open. Throw the steel outer pipe away as it's unnecessary and heavy. Use a rectangular plywood box for the outer shell with thick expanded foam insulation between it and the vacuum chamber. Since the rocket engine is only 32mm in diameter, use s piece of four inch (100mm) copper pipe for the chamber. Braze the vacuum exhaust line into the side of the pipe.

    You're going to need a second line into the chamber for your temperature sensor and the two ignition wires. I would suggest using half inch (1cm) copper pipe for this. Make it a short piece with a female threaded pipe fitting on the end. Use a second short piece with a male fitting leading to an expansion fitting to 3/4 inch pipe. Plug the 3/4 fitting where it narrows with a piece of balsa wood drilled with holes just big enough to take the wires. Fill the rest of the fitting with Apiezon vacuum wax. This will give you a reusable high vacuum sensor port at a not too horrible expense. If you use teflon insulated wires you should be able to heat the fitting up enough to melt the wax with no problems.

    http://www.2spi.com/catalog/vac/apiezon/apiezon-waxes-data-sheet.php

    Final safety thought - be SURE that it's IMPOSSIBLE for pressure to build up inside the dry ice chamber. Big holes that can't possibly ice up. You might use vacuum grease at the top seal as well as rubber (silicone is better).

  54. Trevor 3
    Coat

    I have a cunning plan

    Why not attach the rocket motor to some kind of lightweight structure attached to a helium balloon or 3?

    A quick pressure switch knock up should be able to attempt to fire the rocket at the right altitude for testing, and if it launches, you know you're good to go for the LOHAN....

    1. Trevor 3
      Happy

      Someone doesn't get irony....

  55. Dave Bell

    I remember, decades ago, my uncle pulling some fancy tricks with Jetex motors. Out of the box, these were a re-loadable end-burn solid fuel rocket. The fuse was held against the base of the fuel pellet.

    What melted the casing was carving the pellet into a star cross-section, which greatly increased the burning surface.

    End-burn: constant thrust, longest burn-time.

    Hole up the middle: Thrust increases with time, reduced burn time

    Star-section: High initial thrust, pretty colours when the casing melted, caught fire, and set the model on fire.

    But if you want reliable ignition, you may need a hotter igniter, which generates sufficient hot gas to set alight the main charge. And that may need the attention of somebody with the correct licensing to make their own pyrotechnics.

  56. Scarborough Dave
    Thumb Up

    Keep those crazy titles comming - gave the ladies at work a shock when they glanced at my workstation.

  57. bharq

    a title is now optional!

    You should either rethink your proportions, and make it longer and thinner, or put some insulation or a bit of dry ice on top - at the moment, too much heat is coming in from the top - besides, doesn't LOHAN deserve something longer?

    1. Lester Haines (Written by Reg staff) Gold badge

      Re: a title is now optional!

      Graphic isn't to scale, so the thing will probably end up longer and thinner.

  58. Boris the Cockroach Silver badge
    Boffin

    its a pity

    that the united kingdom does'nt have a real space program to keep the rocketery loonies like your good selves off the streets and gainfully employed.

  59. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    @Martin Gregorie

    Same idea, some form of thether / restaint for lid in case the preasure increase is a tad "vigorous"....

  60. Dan Paul
    Boffin

    Are you building a Bomb or a Pressure Vessel?

    As others have said, I don't see any means for pressure relief. The exhaust gas has to go somewhere and I don't believe that the gasket method will work as there are no mechanical means of fastening the top plate to the tube.

    Also the tube needs to be of sufficient strength so it does not collapse under vacuum. Steel pipe or mechanical tubing is your best bet. Plastic or copper are not so good strengthwise, especially at -60 C. Steel may become brittle but not so brittle as the other materials.

    Since you are only trying to test ignition at reduced pressure and not contain the exhaust, why don't you look at the following:

    1) Pressure Vessel - Find a flanged, welded steel pipe spool in a scrap yard of sufficient size and length. If you could find one that has a "Tee", the branch could be used to hold a polycarbonate window. The inner sleeve to hold the dry ice could be copper as it will not see any pressure differential. Gaskets without flanges will only get sucked into the pressure vessel. The flange will mechanically hold any gasket in place so it will survive pressure or vacuum.

    Insulate the pressure vessel and precool the engine. A temperature sensor will be very helpful in determining you have reached the proper temperature at the engine. A thermocouple can be read by most decent multimeters and the thin wire can be threaded through a small hole that can be sealed with epoxy.

    2) Pressure Relief - Install a burst or rupture disk at the upper end of the pressure vessel. This is a very thin sheet of stainless steel, designed to be mounted and clamped on a flange. It is scored to provide a controlled break in the sheet at a specific pressure range. You can buy them for pressure or vacuum applications. I suggest one for vacuum. When the engine fires, the burst disk will break. If the vacuum is too deep, the burst disk will break. In any case, there will never be any chance of the pipe spool overpressurizing and turning into a bomb and it will not collapse under vacuum

    3) Properties of Dry Ice or Solid CO2 - Dry Ice will sublimate, the solid turns directly into a gas. This will tend to decrease the vacuum you are trying to pull. The more vacuum you pull, the more the dry ice will sublimate. You may want to allow everything to cool down to below the desired temperature and the majority of the dry ice to "evaporate" BEFORE you pull the vacuum.

    Also, CO2 is used in fire extinguishers for a reason as it displaces oxygen and puts out fires. This "may" cause an issue with your ignition.

    4) Vacuum Source - While a vacuum pump is great and can pull very deep vacuum, it does not move a lot of volume so keep the pressure vessel as small as possible and see how much volume it contains by filling it with water and measuring the liquid volume in a large beaker or graduated cylinder. However, the volume you are trying to pull is not all that deep and you could use an "Eductor" which is a venturi nozzle that uses water flow to pull a vacuum. These are commonly found on residential water pumps as part of the priming mechanism and can be purchased easily. They can handle a significant volume and are not as expensive or finicky as a vacuum pump. Note that you are only trying to reach about 60 mmHg or 0.1 kg/cm squared at 60,000 feet above sea level. Once most of the volume is evacuated with the eductor, you can switch to the vacuum pump if needed. A proper bidirectional pressure gauge is absolutely required which can easily be threaded into the steel pipe.

  61. Geoff Stevens
    Alert

    One thing I haven't seen...

    ...what's the plan if the motor doesn't fire? If it works, the thing blows itself apart, job done. If it doesn't, someone who's possibly feeling a little crestfallen has to take some delicate decisions.

    Sorry to be a pessimist, but I don't want to hear of anyone getting their face melted off in this venture. Not even A Orlowski.

    I'd like to see a risk assessment and hazard mitigation plan for disassembly on failure.

  62. Syraris
    Paris Hilton

    PARIS

    Pressure abscene rocket ignition simulator

    Or something along those lines.

  63. Colin Miller

    Jailed

    Joint Altitude Indicatory Lift/LOHAN experimental device.

  64. Nexox Enigma

    Ideas

    Just a few comments on what people have or haven't said:

    - Don't put the dry ice in the vacuum chamber - you'll have to sublime all of it off before you can reach a nice vacuum. And then it won't be cold any more.

    - As far as the dry ice goes - I'd ice the rocket motor to get it down to the proper temperature, then place it in the chamber, start your pump, and when that starts to struggle, ice the outside of the chamber. Cooling the chamber will drop your vacuum faster while your pump is having trouble, and cooling the rocket motor indirectly, when it's inside a nice vacuum insulator, will take forever. Then again, I don't know your balloon ascent rate, maybe the rocket won't have time to cool on the actual trip.

    - See if you can measure the temperature of your igniter. I don't know how large they are for a rocket motor like the one you've got, but I imagine that you could get a thermocouple and a tiny dab of thermally conductive epoxy pretty close.

    - If at all possible, run your vacuum lines through flat surfaces, like your end caps. Welding or threading connections into curved surfaces is just not that fun.

    - Aluminum for the vacuum chamber and steel to contain some dry ice pellets? Aluminum might be fine for your pressure cylinder (if it's thick enough - there are some relatively simple equations which I can't be arsed to look up, but I'm sure you can,) though it does complicate welding, and it's not exactly cheap. Someone mentioned a copper pipe, which would also not be cheap, for that size, and it's harder to find material properties of plumbing materials, but at least you could braze it together quite easily. As for the outer ice containment, large plastic drain pipe or plywood will work fine, just remember to insulate well so you don't waste dry ice cooling your shed (also don't fire it in the shed, please.)

    - Someone suggested acetone in the dry ice - sounds good to me, though if you want something a bit more tame, I've heard that ~90% isopropyl alcohol works well too. It should also be easier to put out burning isopropyl than acetone - be careful with that fire extinguisher not to let the pressure spray flaming liquids too far.

    - As someone else mentioned - close the vacuum pump valve (and probably turn off the pump) before ignition, unless you really don't like your vacuum pump.

  65. Splodger
    Happy

    G.O.B.B.L.E.R.

    Gobbler:

    Gauging Of Below-zero Burn of Experimental Rocket

    Message ends.

  66. Robert Sneddon

    Timescales

    To properly test this rocket motor you need to cool it and subject it to an air pressure drop over the same sort of timescale that you expect the balloon launch to altitude to take rather than doing it over an arbitrary curve.

    Cooling it down from ground temp (10 to 20C) to firing altitude air temp (-60C) could probably be done following a specific temperature vs. time profile by using a sealed jacket around the motor with a few mm separation between it and the inner wall of the jacket. Blow dried (to prevent ice formation from humid air) compressed air through a coil in an insulated box filled with dry ice pellets and into the jacket, adjusting the cooling flow rate to match the simulated launch to altitude temperature profile by monitoring a temperature gauge on or in the rocket body.

    For the vacuum part of the test use a vacuum pump to exhaust a remote tank, don't connect the pump directly to the test chamber. A simple hand-valve connected between the tank and the test chamber and an eye on a pressure gauge monitoring the motor test chamber should allow the experimenter to control the decreasing pressure over a time curve which will be close to expected conditions. Right now the setup as specified will freeze the motor quickly in the presence of moist air at 1 bar before the air pressure drops and the moisture disappears for all intents and purposes.

    A regular air compressor tank of 50 to 100 litres capacity should easily be enough to act as a vacuum tank. They're built for 6-8 bar operation and tested to beyond 10 bar so they will cope with 1 bar of "crush" without a problem. Do remember that the vacuum hose has to be quite thick-walled otherwise it will crush flat under vacuum but there is flexible plastic hose on the market that will do the job. Keeping the hoses short also helps as they also have to be pumped out as the system runs.

    Using a tank also means you don't need a hefty vacuum pump as you can pump the tank down overnight, say, before you carry out the experiment. As someone else said a hard shutoff valve in the line between the test chamber and the tank is a good idea. A couple of poppet valves in the chamber lid is also recommended just in case the pop-off lid doesn't, err, pop off.

  67. Tim

    An alternative

    What if you sealed the business end of the rocket inside a condom or balloon at sea level, thus ensuring the rocket was in an atmosphere of the correct pressure at ignition time? The rocket exhaust should very quickly burn through the balloon once it fires. The balloon would swell as it ascended into thinner air and I suppose explosive burstage might be an issue if not designed for, but those sound like surmountable challenges.

    If your pressure test fails then maybe you could consider moving the mountain to Mohammad, as it were.

    1. Anonymous Coward
      Anonymous Coward

      You've got condoms that remain at atmospheric pressure even when taken to 60Kft?

      Ouch.

  68. Asgard
    Happy

    @“come up with the traditional celebutard backronym ”

    How about a CAMEO?

    Celebrity Accelerating Motor Experimental Outgassing.

  69. Steven Holmquist

    tramp

    Testing

    Rocket

    Altitude

    Motility

    Project

  70. Bigpatc
    Childcatcher

    HALTERTOP

    High Altitude Low Temperature Engine Rehearsal Terrestrial Observation Panel

    Every LOHAN needs a HALTERTOP

  71. CmdrX3
    Mushroom

    P.R.I.C.E

    Primary Rocket Ignition Chamber Experiment

    Thought I'd go with a homegrown celebutard ;-)

  72. CmdrX3

    As a matter of interest

    I have no prior knowledge or insight whatsoever so quite frankly haven't got a clue but thought it might be worth asking as you intend to use aluminium as the inner tube. What is the melting point of aluminium, what temperature will the rocket ignition be, and how close together will these two temperatures be.

  73. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    O.R.A.L.

    Onboard Rocket Assessment Laboratory!!!

    (Poor Lindsay--things have gone downhill since "Mean Girls")

  74. stu_san_again

    I may have missed this, but...

    You might want to swap the pressure gauge and the valve so the gauge is protected by the valve. If you don't, the first time the motor fires (even if poorly), all that rocket crud will fill the gauge and it won't work so well anymore.

    Or at least that's my guess

  75. Hawkmoth
    Megaphone

    terrific plan!

    I think this all looks terrific (taking into account the suggestions to reverse the thrust arrow on the diagram, include an internal temperature sensor, bring it to "altitude" slowly, and tether the lid to the rig).

    Remember folks it isn't the burn profile your testing, but the ability to ignite at all. And ignition is probably controlled by pressure at the reaction face, not the "air" in the rocket or the interstices of the propellant, as some people seem to think. The only reason it's rocket propellant in the first place is because it has oxidizer built right in (like the intel ad...oxidizer-inside).

    There were a couple of commentators who worried that the rig wouldn't test ignition correctly because it's so small and the vacuum would be lost so quickly; they were worried that there would be a slow start with the burn coming up to regular pressure more slowly than at sea-level and that this wouldn't be detected but the test. I think that might not be so bad a result. If you look at the thrust graphs provided in an earlier post, they all start with a dramatic spike. Anything that levels that spike out will be kinder to the air frame and other components and give the control system a bit of time to get stabilized as the craft accelerates. Just sayin'...

  76. Paul Crawford Silver badge

    Cunning Lister's Ingenious Test Of Rocket In Space?

  77. Inventor of the Marmite Laser Silver badge

    Theres only one wat to find out:

    Suck it and see

  78. Stuart Moore
    Stop

    Condensation

    Do you need to worry about ice forming on the rocket as it goes up on the balloon? Any way you can test this?

    Also, don't forget that dry ice is CO2, so unless you're careful you'll end up with a chamber full of CO2 not air, which'll somewhat invalidate the test. (Plus all the usual things about making sure you don't have the dry ice in a confined space - I'd suggest the entire test be done out in the open.

  79. C. P. Cosgrove
    Thumb Up

    Baseplate insulation

    While the drawing in the article is a graphic not an engineering drawing, it suggests that the base of the inner tube is mounted to the base of the outer. As this is likely to allow a significant path for heat transfer, it would be better to mount the inner tube on some form of stand-off. This would allow the insertion of either a layer of insulation in the gap between the bases, or the entry of some of the dry ice pellets to assist cooliing.

    Good luck with the test !

    Chris Cosgrove

  80. nyelvmark
    Trollface

    ...don't allow blokes to...

    Maybe you should send Jude to ask?

  81. Long John Brass
    Happy

    May I humbly suggest

    L ohan

    U nit

    S tatic

    T estbed

  82. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    Some basic calculations are needed...

    The rocket motor will produce a known amount of hot gas equal in mass to that of the consumed motor. It will produce this gas over the motor burn duration. If you know the exhaust temperature and the desired external pressure, the total volume of generated gas may be approximated via the Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law).

    The motor exhaust gas is both highly corrosive and abrasive. You won't want it to get anywhere near a conventional vacuum pump.

    To use a conventional pump,. it must be off while the motor is burning, so you will need the vacuum system to contain a truly immense vacuum reservoir that will not only be able to be pumped down to the desired initial vacuum pressure, but also to take up all the rocket motor exhaust gas yet have a final pressure that is low enough to still adequately mimic the space environment.

    Taken all together, I doubt you will have access to anything remotely close to what will be needed. Instead, you will need to dynamically create the vacuum while the test motor is burning, something no conventional vacuum pulp can do for the reasons noted above (filters make the problem worse).

    The best way to do this, as noted above, may well be to use a venturi. But this venturi will need to be powered by a separate rocket motor, and the venturi will likely need to be fabricated as part of that motor's exhaust nozzle. To ensure the vacuum is maintained while the test motor is burning, the motor used to generate the venturi will need to be many times larger than the test motor (SWAG = 10x-20x, depending on the desired vacuum). And remember, the venturi will need to cope with the corrosive output from both motors, so material selection will be important if more than a single test run is needed (or use disposable venturis).

    That's not all the bad news: The back pressure on the venturi exhaust will also have to be minimized. You may need a second, vastly larger, secondary 'gas mover' behind the primary one to keep the outlet pressure near ambient atmospheric. Fortunately, this need may be met by large electric fans (a meter in diameter, or so).

    Please turn away. I hate seeing a grown man cry.

    1. Anonymous Coward
      Anonymous Coward

      Please read the article

      This is an ignition test, not a burn test.

    2. Anonymous Coward
      Anonymous Coward

      It's an *ignition* test

      They only need to make sure it fires. After that, just sit back & enjoy the fireworks.

    3. Vladimir Plouzhnikov

      Why would they need any of that?

      They only need to test ignition. Once ignited, the motor will burn regardless of outside temperature and pressure (just make sure the casing is strong enough for it not to burst open). Therefore, if the ignition test is successful they don't need to maintain vacuum anymore - just let the fuel burn out...

  83. Eric Graves
    Flame

    SUCKER?

    Suction Utilizing Chamber for Kinetic Energy Rocket

  84. BobSee
    Stop

    Forget testing on the ground.

    I just re-read my prior post. Fuggeddaboudit.

    Send the motor aloft on a minimal balloon that can exceed the desired ignition altitude. Trigger the motor igniter when the balloon pops. Wait for the spent motor and shredded balloon to descend (no parachute needed). Inspect the motor casing and nozzle to see if even and complete burning occurred.

    I doubt you really need much more test information than that.

    1. nyelvmark

      @Bobsee

      Nice and simple, true, but how will you find the spent motor unless it also carries the tracking payload?

      Isn't what you're suggesting performing the actual launch to find out whether the actual launch will work?

  85. JeffyPooh
    Pint

    I was still...

    I was still parsing the Reg. headline that included the phrase "...-cum-tablet" when this article's headline caught my eye.

  86. Eddy Ito

    Let me second the recommendation to ensure the dry ice container isn't able to build pressure. You wouldn't want to unintentionally make any dry ice bombs, would you?

  87. stu 4
    Boffin

    getting to the real burn

    I think the main problem is ensuring you get to the real burn before the lid pops and 1 ATM is restored.

    pointing the rocket at the lid doesn't help that.

    Also, you really want an area that can accept the thust/extra gas without affecting the vacuum majorly.

    What I'd suggest, is a reservoir tank piped in at the bottom of the tube. A water heating tank would be ideal.

    This, plus reverse the thust so pointing away from lid.

    thus, when the rocket fires, the lid will not pop(ATM will not be exceeded) until the extension reservoir tank pressure has been restored.

    i.e. effectively this gives you a large hyperbaric chamber rather than a wee tube.

    This should give sufficient time to reach real burn with the oxidiser, or not - then you'll know you have a problem.

  88. MELSEA

    HYPERBOLE

    HYPobaric Experimental Rocket 'Blast Or Last' Evaluator

  89. rg20

    This is all getting a bit out of hand, you dont need no tig welding, burst disks etc

    all you need is a length of plastic pipe and a couple of end caps.

    Let me explain.

    As I said in an earlier post we used a length of plastic waste pipe from B&Q to make

    a test piece for our leak detector. The pipe says on the side "1.25/36mm BS EN 1455 B

    ABS1.8mm" it has a diameter of 36mm and a wall thickness of approx 1.5mm. We bonded

    some quick release flanges into the bore of the pipe using epoxy resin and this takes

    a port pressure on our leak detector of 2x10-3mbar no problem, no leaks nothing,

    remember the max external pressure it'll ever see is 14.7lbs/sq/inch.

    This seems the right size pipe for you (your motor is 30mm dia?), place the motor in

    the pipe bring the temp probe lead and ignition leads out the bottom through a hole

    drilled in and aluminium plate. Seal this with epoxy resin. You will also need a hole

    for the vac pipe fitting, attach this using epoxy resin. Attach to this a length of hose

    from a acetylene welder or equivalent (this is designed to resist internal pressure but

    will do the same for external pressure) attach this to a valve, then to a gauge then to

    the pump.

    Bond this plate to the bottom of the tube with epoxy resin, bond on the top cap too.

    Lay this in your dry ice and monitor the temp, once it reaches temp you'll have to

    let it "soak" for an hour or two to makes sure the core of the motor is at the correct

    temp, remove and fit in a retort stand (or just leave it in the dry ice), vac it down,

    this will only take a few seconds due to the small volume of the chamber. turn off the

    pump close the valve and ignite.

    The motor will probably burn thru the tube almost immediately but all you want to know

    is if it will ignite at cold and altitude.

    If you are worried about the assembly going bang, do not bond on the top cap, use a

    rubber sealing ring instead to allow the top cap to pop off under the pressure.

    This is a low cost disposable set-up but will do the job.

    1. Intractable Potsherd
      Thumb Up

      Sounds good

      I wasn't sure that PVC pipe would work at those temperatures. Assuming rg20 is correct (and, no offence intended, rg20, I would want to see some evidence) this seems to be a cheap and easy way of testing ignition.

  90. Malcolm Boura 2

    The thrust should be checked. Force censor under the nose would be easy enough. The optimum shape for the nozzle depends on external pressure. One reason for multi-stage rockets.

    1. Vladimir Plouzhnikov

      Thrust

      "The thrust should be checked."

      I believe it is specified on the engine's packaging...

      1. annodomini2
        FAIL

        Thrust varies with ambient pressure.

        The specifications on the packaging will be for a surface burn.

        Additionally if the motor has an external nozzle, this needs to be tuned for higher altitudes.

        1. Vladimir Plouzhnikov

          Yes, but these motors have a built-in nozzle and you can't change that.

          In fact, short of some experimental aerospike engines, all space booster engines (1st stages) use compromise, sub-optimal nozzles.

          So, if you can't do anything about it - why worry?

  91. CmdrX3
    Flame

    G.E.R.I

    Ground-based Experimantal Rocket Igniter

    Just staying with the British based again

  92. Schultz
    Pint

    Vacuous volume and the big bang

    To reliably reproduce the conditions expected in LOHAN, you might need some enlarged vacuous volume. Take a beer keg, drink it empty, tap it and connect it with a tape-sealed conical tap / tube to your test chamber. That should allow the rocket to burn some second before the assembly blows.

    Are you aware of the difference between burning an explosive (as commonly done in a rocket engine) and exploding an explosive (as usually done in a sealed container similar to the one you've drawn)? You better make sure your lid comes off before the fuel had time to find it's thermodynamic equilibrium, else you'll get all the propulsion power of the rocket in a single undirected bang.

    1. nyelvmark

      Take a beer keg, drink it empty...

      I'm with you 100% up to this point. After that, I got a bit confused.

  93. rg20

    I dont think the low temp will be a problem for the plastic pipe, I guess it will make it more brittle but as long as you dont hit it with anything too hard I think you'll find it is surprisingly tough.

    You could always just leave it laying in the dry ice, there is no need for it to be vertical, just make sure it is not pointing at anything flammable for when the end cap pops off!

  94. Barny
    Thumb Up

    Gas Pipe?

    I'd suggest running with rg20's idea of using plastic pipe. One variant on using household piping would be to use the yellow gas pipe you see used for gas mains. If you ask nicely, most crews will let you take any scrap.

    I picked up some 180mm diameter pipe yesterday, which has a 10mm thick wall (so it'll be plenty strong enough). It's also super-easy to work with. I was able to cut the tube to length with a bandsaw in minutes and drilling/tapping it for vacuum feeds would be easy.

    1. Tim Bergel
      Thumb Up

      Sounds good to me

      and I would guess it's much harder to get a plastic pipe to generate shrapnel when it bursts ... but maybe not if it's cooled in dry ice now I think about it.

  95. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    laymans opinion on how to monitor the temprature inside "the tube" ... freezer thermomether... one of those with a wire going back to the little lcd on the front...? would that do?!

  96. Bgfreeman

    Celronym

    Since the system is LOHAN then,

    Low-Impact Non-Destructive System Experiment, YO!

  97. david 63

    Pressure problems, pump blowouts and risk mitigation...

    ...as the point is to test only ignition I was assuming that after the evacuation the pump would be isolated by a valve and even disconnected. That way, as you are not intending to maintain a vacuum the top will be blown off (for the purposes of insurance risk assessment call this 'released') by the exhaust gasses.

    Put the whole mechanism in a couple of yards of sand with only the top exposed. Blast and fallout will be limited to the top which if you were really risk averse you could chain to a big lump of concrete.

    In the event of a failure to fire open the pressure valve and let the chamber return to normal temperature and pressure, fire the engine just for fun. If it doesn't go then you have to make a decision about how long to leave it before you call it really a dud. 24hrs?

  98. Niijel
    Linux

    I'm not a materials guru, but what happens to aluminium at -60 when its raised to whatever the rocket engine exhaust temp is in a short space of time, and simultaneously taken from external atmospheric pressure vs vacuum to internal pressure vs atmospheric?

    I guess it smashes to bits and redecorates the inside of the shed?

    1. Vladimir Plouzhnikov

      Al

      "what happens to aluminium at -60 when its raised to whatever the rocket engine exhaust temp is in a short space of time, and simultaneously taken from external atmospheric pressure vs vacuum to internal pressure vs atmospheric?"

      Nothing much, really.

      I used to test samples of aviation alloys (including Al) to destruction, also at low temperatures (-90). Yes, everything gets more brittle at low temps but not to an extent which may affect the LOHAN test rig.

  99. regulator

    C.R.A.P

    Cold Rocket Assessment Platform

  100. Motaru

    Possible name for test chamber

    PRICE - Pressure Reduced Ignition Checking Equipment

This topic is closed for new posts.