The amazing magical LED: Has it really been fifty years already?
Next time I hear Coldplay festively crooning "May all your troubles soon be gone, Oh Christmas Lights keep shinin' on," I'd like to think that far from lamenting some lost love, they're paying solemn tribute to the humble but illuminating LED. The Light Emitting Diode celebrated its 50th anniversary this year. It's easy to …
LED is fantastic
But one thermionic tech refuses to die, the VFD used in Media players, Set-boxes, car dash boards and Tills/POS. Invented as Computer Indicator in late 1950s, Japanese 7 segment displays in 1960s calculators (one digit per valve) and pocket calculators in 1970s (single tube with all digits)
1952 Triode magic eye, DM70 & DM71
1959 VFD, works on 9V HT and with TTL drive DM160
The russian iv-15 a DM160 clone
Some history of indicators including LEDs and a Timeline
Nortake/Itron, Futuba, Samsung still make them Some nice Russian NOS and Asian ebay types here
Re: LED is fantastic
Where would my Hammond be without its EL34s? Mind you they do glow blue a bit when overloaded...
Re: LED is fantastic
Sharply defined bright blue is fine (provided the anodes aren't red-plating). It's the pale diffused blue that's a problem - means the valves are going 'soft'.
OK, I'll crawl back to my rocking chair now.
Re: LED is fantastic
Sharply defined blue is NOT fine. Chromatic aberration means that for many - especially the short sighted blue will result in massive blurring.
If you had laser treatment a few years ago its a fucking nightmare.
Re: @Tom 7 LED is fantastic
Sharply defined blue is NOT fine.
That bit was not about light sources, it was about amplifier valves. Which are not primarily meant as illumination.
...and they last for XXX years...
What a lot of baloney. I decided to replace eight downlighters in my kitchen with eight 4W LEDs. I did this about 14 months ago and I went for the quality end of the LED market - not eBay rip-offs. I guess, on average, these lights are on 10 hours per day.
In the last 14 months 3 of these LED lamps have failed :-)
Re: ...and they last for XXX years...
Ah, despite going for the 'quality' end, you still fell for the marketing.
Just because the LEDs themselves may last, yea unto the very end of time itself (or 50,000 hours or so - whatever comes first), doesn't mean that any device built using them will last till beyond the warranty/guarantee/week/first real power surge after you purchase them.
A bulb that lasts for years?, FSM what fools these mortals be! (besides, what lamp manufacturers in their right minds would so willingly cut their own throats?)
Remember, the same people used to say that CFLs would last for years too...(admittedly, I've one which is now over 15 months old, still, I think I'm averaging 7-9 months out of them - this may be a local electricity supply 'quality' issue though).
Re: ...and they last for XXX years...
I agree.
The LEDs themselves may still be good, but the crap electrolytic caps supporting them love to dry out an fail. Good luck getting them replaced under warranty.
On the other hand, most 20,000 hour incandescent bulbs generally make it to their designed lifetime - thanks to KISS technology, and then cost next to nothing to replace when they do.
Look, I am for LED and other new technologies. But only if they are good looking and truly economical to use and are not forced onto me by a tyrannical Govt.
Re: ...and they last for XXX years...
I agree, when they are driven hard enough to produce task light, they often blow or flicker after a few months.
Re: ...and they last for XXX years...
CFLs regularly last years for me. But then I have a nice stable power supply, and they tend to be on or off for long periods. Constant switching tends to be not so good for them, and obviously they do not react well to dimming.
My kitchen fluorescent tubes have lasted 5+ years each.
I have 3 incandescent bulbs left in my home. All in places where they will be on for minutes tops.
So the companies that cut their throats by selling long lasting light sources seem to be quite common.
Re: ...and they last for XXX years...
> I decided to replace eight downlighters in my kitchen with eight 4W LEDs.
I did something similar.
> I went for the quality end of the LED market - not eBay rip-offs
I went for the cheapie eBay crap. I paid about £3 each.
> In the last 14 months 3 of these LED lamps have failed :-)
In the 2 years or so I've had them, none of mine have failed[1].
Vic.
[1] Not *strictly * true; the glue holding the LED board into the housing came apart on one of them. I glued it back in place and it's been fine...
Re: ...and they last for XXX years...
Odd, my house is mostly CFL with some GU10 incandescent and some GU10 LED (cheap ones)
The only CFL that is iffy was in the house when we moved in 5 years ago - takes a while to get going. All the rest have been working fine since we arrived. The LED GU10's have never failed, but the incandescent ones are always popping.
We also have had (in the past) persistent power cuts and brownouts during that 5 years.
So my experience is that CFL and LED last longer than the incandescent equivalents.
One by one, we are replacing our domestic CFLs (Compact Fluorescent Lights) with SMD (surface mount diode) 'corn cobs'. The latest SENCART branded ones we have from dx.com are superb, even better CRI(colour rendering index) and cosiness than old tungsten bulbs and they are full brightness instantly unlike most CFLs.
I don't know why they still make CFL, they should be phased out and replaced with SMDs so they can be made cheaper in greater volumes.
so they can be made cheaper in greater volumes...
or some submarine patent will surface just as they make a de-facto monopoly and we will all be screwed.
or bayoneted.
better CRI than tungsten??
With all due respect, what *are* you smoking? CRI is a measure of color similarity to a black body (aka incandescent) source at the same color temperature. By definition, you can't beat an incandescent light on that metric. It is possible, particularly with the three component LED lights (RGB as opposed to blue + phosphor) or the triphosphor fluorescents to get greater color saturation from an artificial source, but that's certainly not the same as from color fidelity.
I don't know why they still make CFL, they should be phased out and replaced with SMDs so they can be made cheaper in greater volumes.
Actually, I can't find it right now, but CFLs are apparently being silently phased out because they are (somewhat ironically) an environmental disposal nightmare waiting to happen - the stuff inside the glass tubes is not good landfill material.
The volume will come. I can already see IKEA come up with far more sensible prices - cheap enough to start replacement programs. And LEDs are *so* much more flexible in deployment..
Re: better CRI than tungsten??
By definition, you can't beat an incandescent light on that metric
Well, actually you can, as a glowing filament is not quite a black-body radiator of the same temperature, but for all in tents and porpoises, it's close enough to moot the difference.
Re: better CRI than tungsten??
well, CRI for a tungsten filament bulb is rated at 100 (I suppose that they round to nearest integer). But yes, you're right. Think you picked the wrong icon though-- here, let me fix that for you :-).
and for those of you keeping score, daylight is even further from a perfect black body due to the effects of filtering through the earth's atmosphere, so CRI should be slightly worse than tungsten (omg wtf bbq).
Re: screwed or bayoneted
Good grief, I had to think about that!
So that's what I have....
@Richard Cartledge
Thanks for letting me know that's that my LEDs are. Although flat in my case, 'corn cobs' is a perfect way of describing them.
I bought them on recommendation 2+ years ago in an actual shop(!). Expensive but, out of 9, none have failed or appreciably dimmed. They're heavy GU10 replacements, suggesting they have good heat sinks.
Sadly, they are one of those rare, good, Chinese imports with no particular brand name, so I can't tell you what they are.
Re. bad caps (TM)
Yes, same problem here. 3 dud lamps, 2 of them had bad capacitors.
One turned on and off when hot, never did find out why but suspect some other component failed on them as the LEDs look fine and work correctly on a DC current limited supply.
Shame, as they are actually quite nice lamps with no significant heating in use and the light quality is good.
If you still have yours unscrew the end and the PCB usually falls out and can be autopsied.
Currently working on an improved bike light using the three "dead" lamps to make a cluster of variable brightness lights that also serve as indicators.
leds for home/office lighting
I'm not convinced they are there yet-- manufacturing variation in chromaticity is very high (that is, three or four units from the same manufacturer of the same nominal color temperature will be visibly different). Producing a pleasant warm light (<4000K) is still a big challenge, and as someone above mentioned, that is a must for US/EU markets.
Fluorescent lighting, which is obviously much more mature, has solved these problems and you can get some very nice CFLs now that can be dimmed or provide instant on as well as high CRI. Factoring in the difference in unit cost vs efficiency (a single LED replacement bulb here in the states was about $50 last I checked) and the value proposition just doesn't make sense. I'm sure that LED lighting will improve over time, and there is a lot of potential, but I'm not about to retrofit my home.
Re: leds for home/office lighting
Producing a pleasant warm light (<4000K) is still a big challenge, and as someone above mentioned, that is a must for US/EU markets.
Perhaps, but there's plenty of manufacturers rising to the challenge successfully. It's actually hard to find a "daylight" LED bulb around here, with most of them being 2300-2700K. Yes, there is always the Internet, but that's not "round here".
Gotta wonder what anybody snooping at my bank records must think when they find purchases for 30 watt CFL grow-lamps with a 6500-7000K temperature. It's probably not "well he doesn't like yellow then".
Re: leds for home/office lighting
(a single LED replacement bulb here in the states was about $50 last I checked)
Even brand-name LED bulbs (Philips, Osram) here are nearly an order of magnitude cheaper, and you can get off-brand bulbs for not much more than CFL prices (about 2..3Euros).. Either you've checked the wrong places, or someone's fleecing you guys *HARD*.
Re: leds for home/office lighting
just double checked with home depot's website and my memory isn't too far off -- they range between 25-45 usd. I suspect that this is a case of Europe being ahead of the states-- both Osram and Philips are European companies. Here in the states, we're still migrating to CFLs, so I dunno. Maybe Osram/Philips and co are using the states to dump their CFLs as they phase them out and phase in LED tech.
On the other hand, here in the heart of silicon valley, we still haven't figured out the principle of grounding wires (most residences don't have them due to a combination of age of construction and some incredibly backwards tax laws), so who knows. I
Bootnote
Here in Canada it's estimated that mandating CFLs will add around 500,000 tons of CO2/year to the atmopshere
The electricity in Quebec and BC is hydro but without the extra heating effect of all those 100W electric heaters the thermostats click in and burn more natural gas or oil
LED lighting has other properties that are not so obvious.
They can be made in any size and shape. No more are designers limited in trying to hide that old bulb shape with a shade.
The light given off is polarized so the reflected light off objects looks sharoer and travels through fog further than normal bulbs. So in real world tests, places look dirtier and sharper. Wallpaper and interior designers will have a field day making new designs for us to buy!
Being able to dialup a new colour every day from my LED lamp will open up new markets for paint companies as they make new dyes to reflect polarized light in interesting ways.
:)
mountain bike lamps
CREE XPG etc LEDs have revolutionised night mountain biking, with 1500+ lumen output and long burn times. One of the big problems though is that using them in a snow storm is headache inducing - possibly why they are not used for car main headlights.
Re: mountain bike lamps
Not just mountain bikes.
A fairly early application of LEDs was rear lights for pedal cycles. Instead of a horrible dim, bulky thing that ate batteries, we got a brilliant light that flashed. So cheap and lightweight that you can have several on each bike. The batteries last so long that many cyclists now use lights in the daytime as well as night.
It took a frustratingly long time for a good, white headlamp to become available, and the early ones weren't very bright. But now you can get a lamp that gives a dazzlingly bright beam and good battery life. The only complaint I've heard is that the beam is less coherent than an incandescent lamp.
Re: mountain bike lamps
"But now you can get a lamp that gives a dazzlingly bright beam and good battery life. The only complaint I've heard is that the beam is less coherent than an incandescent lamp."
You'd get plenty of complaints if you were listening to motorists coming inthe opposite direction, especially on country lanes.
I've had to stop a few times and wait for my eyes to readjust after being blinded by groups of cyclists. There are legal limits on lamp height, light output and beam shape for a reason - and they apply as much to bicycles as much as cars and motorcycles, according to the DfT. While policing is only just catching up to the fact that bike lights can be dangerously bright nowadays, it's only a matter of time before prosecutions start.
The worst offenders use frame and head-mounted lights. It's far worse being hit full in the face by a light 6 feet off the ground than one at handlebar height.
Call me cynical, but no-one is going to release a commercial lamp - of any variety - that doesn't need regularly replacing. Our office is lit by not-at-all-cheap LED fittings and the lamp failure rate is not much better than standard fluorescents.
I think you are mistaken... have a look at the stores, and see how many sell what type of bulb... due to demand, they have to stock many varieties, even the small halogens, for those with 'designer lighting' homes... you will find that many people think first of the cost, then design (usually constrained by the thoughts of the designer/builder of their new home!! :( )
Christmas Lights vs. Room Lighting
LED Christmas Lights are EVIL spawn of Cthulhu and must DIE. They look like twisted eldritch simulacra of real Christmas lights. The colors are completely unnatural, they flicker in the corner of your eye and they are not the least be cheery.
On the other hand, I've got an LED light "bulb" in my bedroom now which is surprisingly good. It's probably not super efficient, because it works by shining several blue or possibly UV LEDs on a fluorescent plastic globe, but to my eyes it is indistinguishable from incandescent.
Re: Christmas Lights vs. Room Lighting
LOL :D you havent been spending enough on your decs then!!!!
Re: Christmas Lights vs. Room Lighting
Easy solution: let's just do away with Christmas! As soon as possible.
Bah! Humbug!
I'm waiting for the black LED
Black is cool, black is the future. "Every time I press this black button on a black background, a black light lights up black to tell me I've done it!" (Thanks, Douglas)
Re: I'm waiting for the black LED
No problem. Just apply the voltage from four or five D cells, a 12V wallwart or in the most stubborn cases, a car battery straight to the LED pins (positive to anode). Caution: may cause SEDs (Smoke Emitting Diodes), small pieces of plastic flying off, unintended blackness elsewhere, unintended malfunction elsewhere, lack of device feedback, itchy rashes, full body hair loss, projectile vomiting, gigantic eyeball, the condition known as 'hot dog fingers,' children born with the head of a golden retriever, seeing the dead, bone liquification, possession by the Prince of Darkness, tail growth, elderly pregnancy, back pain and a runny nose.
Re: I'm waiting for the black LED
The black LED does not exist as it requires a radiating body at 0 K, which is impossible.
Re: I'm waiting for the black LED
Au contraire, to be 'black' in this context merely means to have a colour not detected by the human eye. As a result, one can simply shield a bog-standard red LED with a lump of lead and have a black lead-lined LED. Since it will radiate in the IR it will be effectively black to our eyes.
Re: I'm waiting for the black LED
Dammit, it's the runny nose that's the deal-breaker for me...
"Liquid Crystal Diode (LCD)"
FAIL.
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display, and there's nothing diode-y about them: it's a liquid crystal that changes the polarisation of light passing through it when they're subjected to an electric field through two electrodes. That field has to be flipped periodically to keep up the crystal alignment,
With this, and the total fail of understanding semiconductors, I wonder what the author's qualifications are for writing such an article.
Building thermals
A lot of buildings now use heat pumps. These are more efficient at warming buildings than incandescent. But they don't work as well in really cold places.
As someone who works professionally (gaffer, film industry) with all different forms of lighting,( led, tungsten incadescent, hmi, flourencent, carbon arc, hell i even got the philips prototype oled luminblades) let me say this, they all suck but for different reasons.
Led have plenty of suck ... First led droop, ( which last time i looked no one had really figured out) the lost of effeciency as power levels increase mean there's a serious limit on how brite a single source led can be so you are required to stack them, basically stick a bunch together to make the whole brighter this causes tons of issues not only optically, rather than having a basic single source which you can then optically focus you are limited to a multisource array with muliple shadows, rainbowing, and plenty of other artifacts. This also it a major heat issue, while a single led is much more efficent than a incandescent per watt it is also much much smaller so has less surface area to disperse heat. When you start stacking dozens of them closely together this becomes a major problem. I always find it amusing how shocked people are when they see the massive heat sinks on the back of large professional led arrays.
There are even household bulb designs that are using liquid silicon to help deal with this issue.
When you combine this with the circuitry required to run them and the fact that most arrays are built as a single unit, so when you lose indivisual leds you can't replace them and eventually need to replace the entire unit, so while a 50,000 average hour bulb life sounds great when you realise what your really saying is a 50,000 average unit life not so good. I have units on my truck that i use almost daily that are almost as old as i am, i can be pretty certain that none of the led units i have will be functional a decade from now.
Then there is colour, and from reading the above comments almost everyone here need to brush up on their colour theory, lets just say like all non black body emiters leds are a nightmare when it comes to colour. Yes there is no such colour as white but the one thing white is is full spectrum. Led, fluorescents, hmi and other non fullspectrum all have had allot of effort and investment in getting arround the fact that they are naturally missing chunks of the spectrum and most are able to get thier cri (colour rendering index) up to the low 90 in optimum conditions, the thing is optimum conditions don't tend to stay optimum, and when you have a bunch of mixed sources and they all start going off optimum in thier own way on set, well, this is why gaffers tend to nervous wrecks.
Yes led can as a side benifit of having to be stacked have the option of rgb mixing, or for the better arrays rgbcow, but while this may work well as a wash across the back wall the human eye is very atuned to skin tone, especially green and red as its important evolutionarily i suppose to know when a fellow tribe member is about to attack or puke on you, and the limited bandwidth options with the indivusual elements of an rgbled has meant allot of overselling of the usefullness of this option.
Lets not even talk about the nightmares that can happen when dealing with frequency, most led dim by changing freq of on/off cycle rather than brightness which when mixed with the fixed freq. of camera, or the eye of a person who has trained himself to notice freq, can produce incrediblely anoying artifacts.
So yes, .. Led is an useful option, but does not in anyway replace the need and function of incadescent glowing tungsten wires of the basic classic bulb, not in quality or high output, and while led will always have function where it makes the most sense, and we have seen allot of improvements lately as the tech has matured, as we have recently with the more mature fluorescent - the new t5 and t4s are very impressive, it is not the best option in all situations and i actually am very willing to bet that it will not be the unit thats lighting your homes twenty years from now.
Now ... Radio activated plasma bulbs ... That I'm excited about.
love this about the reg-- there is almost always at least one commentator who really knows their shit, regardless of the subject. Think the posts on this article have been far better than the article itself, and this one does a great job of cutting through the fluff. Happy new year's. beer since there's no champagne icon.
Pure xenon discharge lamps are the only proper non-tungsten light source for imaging, though I metal halide lamps may become practical broadband light sources if development continues along the current trajectory.
Quite simply, thanks for that.
I know sod all about light *sources*, but I know a lot about colour. For no sensible reason whatsoever I'm one of these rare people that can see colour differences close to 3 MacAdam, and I have worked at one time as a professional colour recipe develope before I got distracted by IT. In short, I see colour differences very clearly which is a fantastic pain in the neck when picking out light bulbs and computer screens but great for matching socks after washing :).
I've always wondered about those new LED arrays, so I'm grateful for the insight in real life use..
Shuji Nakamura needs to be mentioned here
I don't know anything about Naruhito Iwasa, and I'm sure this was a team effort, but the Nichia inventor who has received most of the credit for GaN blue and white LEDs is Shuji Nakamura, who received the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for this work.
The how and why but not the color details,,,
So sorry but i merely wish to make the humble point that the actual color of an LED isn't discussed by the author, merely how and, somewhat, why it works - I suggest you try and research highly protected IP on your own (good luck!),,,
Domestic LED bulbs are now good enough and cheap enough to replace CFLs (IMO)
I've had CFLs in my house for years - since the early days when they were made with a fluorescent tube, a iron-cored choke and a little starter in a glass jar. The early electronic ones were expensive and not quite as bright as the tungsten bulbs that they were supposed to replace, but Osrams were very reliable and easily lasted 8 years. More recently I bought a stock of Feit CFLs; they are cheap and very bright but barely last 8 months, and 'recycling' them is a pain. So I am more than ready to change over to LEDs.
I remember early LED lamps as dim and very blue, with terrible colour rendering. But technology improves, and the latest ones seem very good to me. I've bought several 3W GU10 and E24 bulbs from three of the cheaper brands, for £5 to £8 each. They are rated as 3000K, but look less orange than warm white CFLs (which is a good thing in my opinion). I'm been impressed by how much light you get from a 3W bulb. I have replaced 200W of halogen with 15W of LEDs in the kitchen. The room is not as bright as it was, but it is bright enough, and the energy saving is massive.
There are small but visible differences in spectrum and colour rendering between the three types, but none is unacceptable to me and the £5 diffuser bulbs from Lidl are superb. (I've done the resistor colour code test and there's no problem at all.) So far, there have been no failures, although I've only had LEDs for a few months so it's too early to draw any conclusions about lifetime. If you've previously looked at LED lighting and hated it, perhaps it is time to take another look. It may not be perfect, but modern LED technology is not as bad as some Reg commentards like to claim.
home lighting circuits
any reason why we can't have low voltage home lighting circuits that LEDs can plug directly into? Or at least fixtures with two parts, one for the control/transformer circuitry and one for the LED(s)?
