U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8:
The Congress shall have power to ... promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;
U.S. Constitution, Article III, Sections 1 and 2:
The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court ...[and such]... power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution...
So we clearly have two matters under that the Supreme Court could decide on:
1) Whether the limited times established by the Congress actually promote science and useful arts. If the times are so long as to retard progress, Congress has exceeded it's legislative authority;
2) Whether the patent is for a discovery. If it's not a discovery, then Congress does not have the authority to protect it by patent.
Matt